In Section 15.5 of NFPA 855, we learn that individual ESS units shall be separated from each other by a minimum of three feet unless smaller separation distances are documented to be adequate and approved by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) based on large-scale fire testing.
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Specifically, we're focused on spacing requirements and limitations for energy storage systems (ESS). NFPA 855 sets the rules in residential settings for each energy storage unit—how many kWh you can have per unit and the spacing requirements between those units. First, let's start with the language, and then we'll explain what this means.
The diagram also shows that if you're inside the home, you can go up to 40 kWh; if you’re outside the home on the wall, you can go up to 80 kWh; and if you're in a garage, you could also have 80 kWh there. All locations will require multiple units to reach the 40/80 kWh limit, which is fine as long as they're adequately spaced per this code.
Therefore, if you install multiple storage units, you have to space them three feet apart unless the manufacturer has already done large-scale fire testing and can prove closer spacing will not cause fire to propagate between adjacent units.
Others might say 80 kWh entirely for your installation, or they might realize that these are different fire areas and they're okay with having, for example, 80 kWh outside and another 80 kWh in a garage, as long as you don't go over those kWh limitations per location.
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